Nanoparticle-mediated modulation of plant performance and microbiome dynamics: Insights into interplay mechanisms

Contemporary agricultural practices extensively depend on synthetic fertilizers to boost crop productivity by providing essential nutrients. While effective in the short term, their prolonged use can negatively affect soil fertility and disrupt the nutrient balance of the rhizospheric microbiome. As an innovative and environmentally sustainable alternative, nanotechnology introduces nanofertilizers that offer targeted delivery and efficient nutrient utilization. Nanoparticles (NPs) have demonstrated versatility in plant research, functioning as growth regulators, antimicrobial agents, biosensors, fertilizers, and pesticides. Additionally, plants play a significant role in the advancement of nanotechnology through their ability to synthesize NPs and inspire plant-based nanobionics. Despite their potential, the complex interactions between NPs and plants, especially in the context of heavy metal (HM) stress, remain insufficiently explored. This selective review focuses on the role of the plant microbiome in alleviating HM stress and how NPs can be utilized in phytoremediation strategies. We examine the dual mechanisms of direct heavy metal absorption by plants and the modulation of the plant microbiome, highlighting how NPs can influence both plant health and microbial diversity under HM stress. By investigating these interconnected aspects, this review aims to provide insights into nutrient management and environmental remediation, promoting a more comprehensive understanding of the synergistic effects between NPs, plants, and their associated microbiomes.