Smoking at football clubs with and without smoke-free policies in the Netherlands: an observational study

Objectives

Research shows that smoking persists in sports clubs with smoke-free policies (SFPs). It is unknown to what extent smoking occurs at such clubs and how much that may differ from clubs without SFPs. This study aimed to determine whether and to what extent smoking differs at Dutch football clubs with and without SFPs.

Study design

This cross-sectional study used a purposive sampling method to compare smoking indicators at 117 Dutch football clubs, with 49 clubs (41.8%) having an SFP.

Methods

Using a standardised checklist, three smoking indicators were observed (number of people smoking, smoking facilities, and cigarette butts) and combined in a total smoking score (scale 0–9). Multi-level linear regression analysis was used to analyse the association between club SFP, local tobacco control policies (TCPs), and smoking indicators.

Results

Significantly fewer smoking facilities were present at clubs with an SFP (−2.35, 95% confidence interval [CI]: −3.61; −1.09), but no significant associations were found between SFP and the number of people smoking and cigarette butts. The total smoking score was 1.74 points lower for clubs with an SFP (95% CI: −2.53; −0.96) and 1.85 points lower for clubs in municipalities with strong local TCPs (95% CI: −2.98; −0.72). Strong local TCPs were associated with significantly fewer people smoking at clubs (−1.79, 95% CI: −3.41; −0.17).

Conclusions

SFPs at sports clubs succeed in limiting the number of smoking facilities but do not show differences in terms of smoking rates or smoking-related litter when compared to clubs without SFPs. Our results highlight the need for enhancing implementation of comprehensive SFPs, including clear guidelines for compliance and enforcement.