Effect of CO2 and H2SO4 on the dissolution of a carbonate basement and alteration of silicates in a volcano-sedimentary system in central Mexico

This study explores the hydrogeochemical and isotopic characteristics of groundwater in the Irapuato Valley and Celaya Valley Aquifers in central Mexico, specifically focusing on the role of CO₂ in mineral alteration during water-rock interaction. The study is grounded in the principles of hydrogeochemistry and stable isotope geochemistry, analyzing the impact of CO₂ and H₂SO₄ on the weathering of carbonates and silicates. Hydrogeochemical analysis, including Piper diagrams, and isotopic measurements (δ¹³C, δ¹⁸O, δ²H), were conducted on water samples from wells in four municipalities (Irapuato, Salamanca, Villagrán, and Juventino Rosas). The data was statistically evaluated using Shapiro-Wilk tests to assess normality, skewness, and kurtosis, ensuring the reliability of the findings. The results indicate that HCO₃⁻ dominates the groundwater composition, with CO₂ and H₂SO₄ significantly influencing mineral alteration processes. The isotopic data suggest that CO₂ is primarily released from carbonate rock degassing, with slight isotopic enrichment in δ¹³C due to water-carbonate interaction. Hydrothermal fluids contribute to the geochemical evolution of the aquifer, leading to the formation of minerals such as tridymite, alunite, and kaolinite. Additionally, some groundwater samples exhibit evidence of thermalism and water-rock interactions, influencing their isotopic signatures and temperatures. These findings underscore the importance of CO₂ in groundwater chemistry and highlight the need for further studies to understand regional flow dynamics and the potential impact of geothermal systems on water quality.