Merkel cells and corpuscles of Stannius as putative targets for polyethylene terephthalate microfibers in sheepshead minnow larvae

Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) fibers are contaminated in wastewater from various primary sources, such as washing textile waters. PET fibers in the environment can be degraded into microfibers because of weathering processes such as sunlight, physical wear, and heat. Although recent studies reported adverse effects of PET microfibers on aquatic organisms, the lack of information on their toxicity and mode of action hampers the risk assessment of PET microfibers. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the biological effects of PET microfibers and their underlying mechanisms in early-staged sheepshead minnows (Cyprinodon variegatus). PET microfibers (about 13 μm diameter × 106 μm length) were prepared by cutting PET threads and treated to sheepshead minnow larvae at 10 and 100 mg/L for 10 days. No acute toxicity was found in the minnow, but PET microfibers significantly produced reactive oxygen species and reduced behavioral responses of traveled distance and maximum velocity. The transcriptomic data suggested that Merkel cells (flow sensors) and corpuscles of Stannius (calcium regulator) are putative targets, which were derived from oxidative stress, sensory neuropathy, cognitive impairment, and movement disorders. These findings underscore that although PET microfibers are not directly lethal to sheepshead minnows, they could impact their survival by damaging swimming-related key genes. This study provides new insights into how PET microfibers are toxic to aquatic organisms and disrupt ecosystems beyond survival and pathological changes.