Influence of vacuum and high-temperature on the evolution of mechanical strength and microstructure of alkali-activated lunar regolith simulant

Alkali-activated lunar regolith (AALR) has become one of the most promising lunar building materials, offering the potential to support the construction of large-scale lunar structures. This paper presents a comprehensive experimental investigation on the fresh properties, physical properties, mechanical performance and microstructural characteristics of alkali-activated lunar regolith simulant (AALRS) considering the effects of lunar environments (high-temperature, vacuum and coupled high-temperature and vacuum), alkaline activators (sodium hydroxide and sodium silicate) and curing age. The results show that AALRS under high-temperature environment exhibits higher strength while the strength development is limited. However, AALRS under vacuum environment exhibits lower strength but the strength increases as the curing time increases. In terms of pore structure, the volume fractions of macro voids for SH-V and SS-V account for up to 50.94 % and 63.64 %, respectively, which are 12.22 % and 7.95 % higher than those of SH-H and SS-H. Regarding the impact of coupled high-temperature and vacuum environment, the compressive strength of SH-HV-7 is reduced by 47.8 % compared to that of SH-H-7, while the compressive strength of SS-HV-7 exhibits a 57.2 % increase over that of SS-H-7. The sodium hydroxide-activated (SH-activated) system and sodium silicate-activated (SS-activated) system demonstrate fundamentally intrinsic differences in terms of reaction products, structure build-up and pore structure. The positive optimization mechanism and reverse degradation effect of vacuum environment on the performance of AALRS paste were revealed. Finally, the evolution of structural characteristics of AALRS paste under different environments was elucidated.