灵长类动物性间联系的进化

IF 3 1区 心理学 Q1 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES
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引用次数: 0

摘要

社会纽带是个人获得重要资源和服务的一种方式,而这些资源和服务是无法通过武力夺取的,因此需要借助杠杆作用。两性之间的纽带可以提供获得另一性别特有服务的机会。在交配机会方面,雌性对雄性施加杠杆作用;在服务保护方面,雄性对雌性施加杠杆作用;在宽容和对抗性支持方面,两性对另一性别施加杠杆作用。虽然交配机会在某些情况下是可以强迫的,但大多数服务是不能强迫的。在这里,我们从理论上探讨了对异性的影响力何时会导致两性之间的联系。以生活在多雄性多雌性群体中的灵长类动物为研究对象,我们预测,当出现以下情况时,对异性的影响力会更大 1) 平均而言,接受者比提供者获益更多,2) 接受者无法分享资源,3) 资源稀有且珍贵。如果满足了这些条件,并且考虑到社会纽带的相互性,我们预计纽带会在以下情况下出现:4)长期针对同一伴侣产生收益。我们认为,雌性杠杆作用的主要来源是交配机会,而雄性对雌性的杠杆作用主要体现在对雌性和后代的保护上。雌性的配偶选择与雄性的保护和对幼崽的照顾相结合,有望促进两性之间的联系;雌性凝聚力的降低和/或雌性的二次分散有望进一步增加两性之间联系的强度。对共同后代的投资导致了雄性和雌性策略之间的相互依赖,但雌性和雄性提供的不同服务表明,与性别间联系相关的附属交换通常是不对称的,并随时间而变化。因此,在少数情况下,两性之间的联系会形成,在这些情况下,两性在各自的特定性别服务方面都比另一性别具有优势。由于缺乏有关缺乏两性之间社会纽带的物种的数据,对这一建议的系统性检验受到了阻碍,但目前可用的数据与我们的假设是一致的。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
The evolution of between-sex bonds in primates

Social bonds can be a way for individuals to gain access to crucial resources and services that cannot be taken by force and are therefore subject to leverage. Bonds between the sexes can provide access to services that are specific to the other sex. Females exert leverage over males in terms of mating access, males have leverage over females in terms of the service protection, and both sexes exert leverage over the other sex in terms of tolerance and agonistic support. While mating access can be coerced in some circumstances, most services cannot be forced. Here, we use theoretical considerations to explore when sources of leverage over the opposite sex lead to between-sex bonds. Focussing on primates living in multi-male multi-female groups, we predict that leverage over the other sex will be higher, when 1) the receiver benefits on average more than the provider, 2) receivers cannot share the resource, and 3) the resource is rare and valuable. If these conditions are fulfilled, and given the mutual nature of a social bond, we expect bonds to be found, 4) when long-term targeting of the same partner yields benefits. We argue that a female's main source of leverage is mating access, whereas males mainly exert leverage over females in terms of protection of females and offspring. The combination of female mate choice with male protection and care for young is expected to promote between-sex bonds; reduced female cohesion and/or secondary female dispersal are expected to further increase the strength of between-sex bonds. The investment in shared offspring results in interdependency between male and female strategies, but the different services provided by females and males indicate that affiliative exchanges associated with bonds between the sexes will be typically asymmetric and vary over time. Thus, bonds between the sexes are expected to form in a limited number of circumstances where both sexes have leverage over the other sex in terms of their respective sex-specific services. While a systematic test of this proposal is hampered by the dearth of data on species lacking social bonds between the sexes, the data currently available are consistent with our hypothesis.

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来源期刊
Evolution and Human Behavior
Evolution and Human Behavior 生物-行为科学
CiteScore
8.30
自引率
9.80%
发文量
62
审稿时长
82 days
期刊介绍: Evolution and Human Behavior is an interdisciplinary journal, presenting research reports and theory in which evolutionary perspectives are brought to bear on the study of human behavior. It is primarily a scientific journal, but submissions from scholars in the humanities are also encouraged. Papers reporting on theoretical and empirical work on other species will be welcome if their relevance to the human animal is apparent.
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