Numerical Study of Surface Plasmon Resonance Biosensor Employing Bismuth Ferrite, Black Phosphorus, and Zinc Telluride for Blood Group Detection

An optimized prism-based surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensor, containing a specific material combination, is represented for the accurate detection of the human blood group at a wavelength of 633 nm. The sensor structure includes a BK7 prism as a substrate followed by sequential deposition of silver (Ag), bismuth ferrite (BiFeO\(_{\textbf{3}}\)), black phosphorus (BP), and zinc telluride (ZnTe). The angular interrogation method (ATM) is used to investigate the performance parameters of the sensor, which include sensitivity, detection accuracy, and quality factor. Design and performance analysis is conducted using COMSOL, a finite element method (FEM)-based multiphysics software. Optimization of the thickness of the layers is done to get the highest possible outcome. For resonance and non-resonance conditions, magnetic field propagation and electric field distribution are determined which specifies an enhanced electric field at the metallic layer. The enhanced electric field is produced due to the metallic layer which reflects and redirects the electric field and provides a significant advancement in the performance parameter. The numerical calculations of the sensor parameters are obtained with the sensing medium immobilized with different blood groups (A, B, O). The highest sensitivity, detection accuracy, and quality factor for the detection of blood group A are 298.17 \(^{\circ }\)/RIU, 2.2, and 130.1 RIU\(^{\mathbf {-1}}\); for the detection of blood group O are 327.79 \(^{\circ }\)/RIU, 1.98, and 95.35 RIU\(^{\mathbf {-1}}\); and for the detection of blood group B are 330.86 \(^{\circ }\)/RIU, 1.73, and 81.33 RIU\(^{-1}\), respectively. The numerical analysis of the sensor parameters assures a significant improvement in the performance compared to previous research studies.