Laboratory measurements of water saturation effects on the acoustic velocity and attenuation of sand packs in the 1–20 kHz frequency range

We present novel experimental measurements of acoustic velocity and attenuation in unconsolidated sand with water saturation within the sonic (well-log analogue) frequency range of 1–20 kHz. The measurements were conducted on jacketed sand packs with 0.5-m length and 0.069-m diameter using a bespoke acoustic pulse tube (a water-filled, stainless steel, thick-walled tube) under 10 MPa of hydrostatic confining pressure and 0.1 MPa of atmospheric pore pressure. We assess the fluid distribution effect on our measurements through an effective medium rock physics model, using uniform and patchy saturation approaches. Our velocity and attenuation (Q⁻¹) are accurate to ±2.4% and ±5.8%, respectively, based on comparisons with a theoretical transmission coefficient model. Velocity decreases with increasing water saturation up to ∼75% and then increases up to the maximum saturation. The velocity profiles across all four samples show similar values with small differences observed around 70%–90% water saturation, then converging again at maximum saturation. In contrast, the attenuation increases at low saturation, followed by a slight decrease towards maximum saturation. Velocity increases with frequency across all samples, which contrasts with the complex frequency-dependent pattern of attenuation. These results provide valuable insights into understanding elastic wave measurements over a broad frequency spectrum, particularly in the sonic range.