Revisiting the validity of the vocabulary learning strategies questionnaire using the confirmatory composite analysis (CCA): Setting new directions for the field

Vocabulary learning strategies (VLSs) are one of the key variables that allow researchers to understand learners’ success in second language (L2) learning. Different questionnaires are available to examine L2 learners' use of VLSs, but most of them suffered from problems while gathering sufficient statistical evidence. The present study sought to replicate the construct validity of the VLS questionnaire from a different statistical perspective. Particularly, we conceive of the nine constructs of VLSs as emergent variables (composite) rather than latent variables (common factor). In contrast to latent variables, emergent variables are constructs that are formed by their items. To test this proposition, we make use of the confirmatory composite analysis (CCA), which is akin to confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), that was developed for assessing emergent variables. To evaluate the CCA model of VLSs, 216 Saudi university students of English completed an online questionnaire. The results indicated that CCA better fitted our data while CFA appeared to provide a less than acceptable fit. Moreover, we examined the criterion‐related validity of the VLSs through the composite model and showed that two constructs, inferencing and self‐initiation positively related to self‐perception of English proficiency. Overall, the findings seem to suggest that the VLSs are better seen as made of emergent variables, with the items defining the constructs. The findings hold methodological and empirical implications for the L2 research.