Areca nut husk nanoadditive for compression ignition engine: characterisation, energy–exergy–exergoeconomic, and sustainability analyses

This novel investigation emphasizes the implications of bio-based areca nut husk (ANH)-derived nano-additive on energy, exergy, exergoeconomic, and sustainability aspects of compression ignition engine. X-ray-photoelectron-spectroscopy analysis exhibits the inherent content of oxygen, and nitrogen in ANH at different binding energy levels directing towards its possible use as nanoadditive in diesel at ppm level. From the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller results, it is revealed that ANH nanoparticle is porous in nature having an average pore size of 4.89 nm and a surface area of 3.047 m²g⁻¹. For engine experiments, ANH nano-additives are incorporated at three different proportions at ppm level, and the experiments are carried out at varying loads. The rheological results of nanoadditive mixed diesel exhibit that pumping can be done at a very broad range for diesel with 15 ppm ANH (Diesel-15 ppm) which will endure continuous flow to the engine. The highest energy, exergy efficiency, and sustainability index are observed for Diesel-15 ppm.