TampML: Tampering Attack Detection and Malicious Nodes Localization in NoC-Based MPSoC

The relentless growth in demand for computing resources has spurred the development of large-scale, high-performance chips with diverse, innovative architectures. The Network-on-Chip (NoC) paradigm has become a predominant system for on-chip communication within Multi-Processor System-on-Chip (MPSoC) designs. However, the increasing complexity and the reliance on outsourced Third-Party Intellectual Properties (3PIPs) introduce non-negligible risks of Hardware Trojan (HT) insertions by untrusted IP vendors. One of the most critical threats posed by HTs is the tampering with communication data packets. In this article, we introduce a comprehensive framework for the detection of tampering attacks and localization of HTs within NoCs. This framework is incorporated into a novel distributed monitoring architecture that leverages the NoC structure. Utilizing a machine learning model for malicious flit detection and a high-precision algorithm for HT node localization, the framework's efficacy has been substantiated through tests with real PARSEC benchmark workloads. Achieving an impressive detection accuracy and precision of 99.8% and 99.5% respectively, the framework can localize HT nodes with up to 100% precision and recall in most cases. Furthermore, the data cost of localization is on average only 3.7% of tampered flits, which is significantly more efficient—up to 11 times faster—than our initial methods. As a comprehensive and cutting-edge security solution for combating communication data tampering attacks, it accomplishes the expected performance while maintaining minimal power and hardware overhead.