{"title":"缅甸波帕山公园树木特征对降雨和雾造成的径流和干流的影响","authors":"Yadanar Zaw, Hiroki Oue","doi":"10.1007/s11676-024-01760-4","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<p>Available water for communities is insufficient in the central part of Myanmar due to limited rainfall and surface water resources. Over the last two decades, afforestation and reforestation projects have been implemented in this region to provide sufficient water to local communities, expecting forested areas to store more rainwater than other land uses. However, there has been no research and very limited information on rainfall partitioning into throughfall (TF) and stemflow (SF), particularly concerning tree characters. Gross rainfall, TF under different canopy types, and SF of different tree types were measured in 2019. TF and SF were frequently observed even without rain but under foggy conditions. Therefore, both were partitioned into TF and SF from rainfall and fog individually. Sparser canopies resulted in larger TF from rainfall than denser canopies. However, a denser canopy delivered larger TF from fog than a sparser one. TF rates from rainfall in sparser and denser canopies were 54.5% and 51.5%, respectively, while those from fog were 15.2% and 27.2%, respectively. As a result, total TF rate in the denser canopy (70.7%) was significantly larger than that from the sparser one (64.3%). Short trees with small crown projection area and smooth bark (Type I) resulted in larger SF from rainfall than taller trees with large crown projection area and rough bark (Type II). However, Type II trees resulted in larger SF from fog. SF rates by rainfall from Type I and II trees were 17.5% and 12.2%, respectively, while those by fog were 22.2% and 39.5%, respectively. No significant total SF rates were found for Type I (22.5%) and II trees (20.1%). A denser canopy results in larger TF, and Type I trees result in larger SF. In an area where foggy conditions occur frequently and for a lengthy period, however, Type II trees will result in larger SF. These three tree characters (dense canopies, short trees with small crown projection area and smooth bark, and tall trees with large crown projection area and rough bark) should be considered for afforestation and reforestation projects in the Popa Mountain Park to enhance net water input by forests.</p>","PeriodicalId":15830,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Forestry Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.4000,"publicationDate":"2024-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":"{\"title\":\"Influences of tree characters on throughfall and stemflow from rainfall and fog in Popa Mountain Park, Myanmar\",\"authors\":\"Yadanar Zaw, Hiroki Oue\",\"doi\":\"10.1007/s11676-024-01760-4\",\"DOIUrl\":null,\"url\":null,\"abstract\":\"<p>Available water for communities is insufficient in the central part of Myanmar due to limited rainfall and surface water resources. Over the last two decades, afforestation and reforestation projects have been implemented in this region to provide sufficient water to local communities, expecting forested areas to store more rainwater than other land uses. However, there has been no research and very limited information on rainfall partitioning into throughfall (TF) and stemflow (SF), particularly concerning tree characters. Gross rainfall, TF under different canopy types, and SF of different tree types were measured in 2019. TF and SF were frequently observed even without rain but under foggy conditions. Therefore, both were partitioned into TF and SF from rainfall and fog individually. Sparser canopies resulted in larger TF from rainfall than denser canopies. However, a denser canopy delivered larger TF from fog than a sparser one. TF rates from rainfall in sparser and denser canopies were 54.5% and 51.5%, respectively, while those from fog were 15.2% and 27.2%, respectively. As a result, total TF rate in the denser canopy (70.7%) was significantly larger than that from the sparser one (64.3%). Short trees with small crown projection area and smooth bark (Type I) resulted in larger SF from rainfall than taller trees with large crown projection area and rough bark (Type II). However, Type II trees resulted in larger SF from fog. SF rates by rainfall from Type I and II trees were 17.5% and 12.2%, respectively, while those by fog were 22.2% and 39.5%, respectively. No significant total SF rates were found for Type I (22.5%) and II trees (20.1%). A denser canopy results in larger TF, and Type I trees result in larger SF. In an area where foggy conditions occur frequently and for a lengthy period, however, Type II trees will result in larger SF. These three tree characters (dense canopies, short trees with small crown projection area and smooth bark, and tall trees with large crown projection area and rough bark) should be considered for afforestation and reforestation projects in the Popa Mountain Park to enhance net water input by forests.</p>\",\"PeriodicalId\":15830,\"journal\":{\"name\":\"Journal of Forestry Research\",\"volume\":null,\"pages\":null},\"PeriodicalIF\":3.4000,\"publicationDate\":\"2024-08-13\",\"publicationTypes\":\"Journal Article\",\"fieldsOfStudy\":null,\"isOpenAccess\":false,\"openAccessPdf\":\"\",\"citationCount\":\"0\",\"resultStr\":null,\"platform\":\"Semanticscholar\",\"paperid\":null,\"PeriodicalName\":\"Journal of Forestry Research\",\"FirstCategoryId\":\"97\",\"ListUrlMain\":\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11676-024-01760-4\",\"RegionNum\":2,\"RegionCategory\":\"农林科学\",\"ArticlePicture\":[],\"TitleCN\":null,\"AbstractTextCN\":null,\"PMCID\":null,\"EPubDate\":\"\",\"PubModel\":\"\",\"JCR\":\"Q1\",\"JCRName\":\"FORESTRY\",\"Score\":null,\"Total\":0}","platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Journal of Forestry Research","FirstCategoryId":"97","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11676-024-01760-4","RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q1","JCRName":"FORESTRY","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
摘要
由于降雨量和地表水资源有限,缅甸中部地区社区的可用水资源不足。在过去的二十年里,该地区实施了植树造林和重新造林项目,以向当地社区提供充足的水源,因为人们期望林区能比其他土地用途储存更多的雨水。然而,关于降雨量在直流(TF)和茎流(SF)中的分配,特别是关于树木特征的研究和信息非常有限。2019 年测量了总降雨量、不同树冠类型下的 TF 和不同树种的 SF。即使在无雨但有雾的情况下,也经常观测到 TF 和 SF。因此,将降雨量和雾气分别划分为 TF 和 SF。较稀疏的树冠比密集的树冠从降雨中获得的 TF 更大。然而,较密的树冠比较疏的树冠从雾中获得的 TF 更大。在较稀疏和较稠密的树冠中,降雨的总雨量系数分别为 54.5% 和 51.5%,而雾的总雨量系数分别为 15.2% 和 27.2%。因此,较密树冠的总 TF 率(70.7%)明显高于较疏树冠的总 TF 率(64.3%)。树冠投影面积小、树皮光滑的矮树(I 型)比树冠投影面积大、树皮粗糙的高树(II 型)从降雨中获得的 SF 更大。然而,Ⅱ型树木从雾中获得的 SF 更大。I 类和 II 类树木因降雨产生的 SF 率分别为 17.5% 和 12.2%,而因雾产生的 SF 率分别为 22.2% 和 39.5%。I 类树(22.5%)和 II 类树(20.1%)的总 SF 率没有明显差异。树冠越密集,TF 越大,I 类树的 SF 越大。然而,在经常出现大雾且持续时间较长的地区,II 类树木的 SF 会更大。波帕山公园的造林和再造林项目应考虑这三种树木特征(树冠浓密、树冠投影面积小且树皮光滑的矮树,以及树冠投影面积大且树皮粗糙的高树),以提高森林的净水输入量。
Influences of tree characters on throughfall and stemflow from rainfall and fog in Popa Mountain Park, Myanmar
Available water for communities is insufficient in the central part of Myanmar due to limited rainfall and surface water resources. Over the last two decades, afforestation and reforestation projects have been implemented in this region to provide sufficient water to local communities, expecting forested areas to store more rainwater than other land uses. However, there has been no research and very limited information on rainfall partitioning into throughfall (TF) and stemflow (SF), particularly concerning tree characters. Gross rainfall, TF under different canopy types, and SF of different tree types were measured in 2019. TF and SF were frequently observed even without rain but under foggy conditions. Therefore, both were partitioned into TF and SF from rainfall and fog individually. Sparser canopies resulted in larger TF from rainfall than denser canopies. However, a denser canopy delivered larger TF from fog than a sparser one. TF rates from rainfall in sparser and denser canopies were 54.5% and 51.5%, respectively, while those from fog were 15.2% and 27.2%, respectively. As a result, total TF rate in the denser canopy (70.7%) was significantly larger than that from the sparser one (64.3%). Short trees with small crown projection area and smooth bark (Type I) resulted in larger SF from rainfall than taller trees with large crown projection area and rough bark (Type II). However, Type II trees resulted in larger SF from fog. SF rates by rainfall from Type I and II trees were 17.5% and 12.2%, respectively, while those by fog were 22.2% and 39.5%, respectively. No significant total SF rates were found for Type I (22.5%) and II trees (20.1%). A denser canopy results in larger TF, and Type I trees result in larger SF. In an area where foggy conditions occur frequently and for a lengthy period, however, Type II trees will result in larger SF. These three tree characters (dense canopies, short trees with small crown projection area and smooth bark, and tall trees with large crown projection area and rough bark) should be considered for afforestation and reforestation projects in the Popa Mountain Park to enhance net water input by forests.
期刊介绍:
The Journal of Forestry Research (JFR), founded in 1990, is a peer-reviewed quarterly journal in English. JFR has rapidly emerged as an international journal published by Northeast Forestry University and Ecological Society of China in collaboration with Springer Verlag. The journal publishes scientific articles related to forestry for a broad range of international scientists, forest managers and practitioners.The scope of the journal covers the following five thematic categories and 20 subjects:
Basic Science of Forestry,
Forest biometrics,
Forest soils,
Forest hydrology,
Tree physiology,
Forest biomass, carbon, and bioenergy,
Forest biotechnology and molecular biology,
Forest Ecology,
Forest ecology,
Forest ecological services,
Restoration ecology,
Forest adaptation to climate change,
Wildlife ecology and management,
Silviculture and Forest Management,
Forest genetics and tree breeding,
Silviculture,
Forest RS, GIS, and modeling,
Forest management,
Forest Protection,
Forest entomology and pathology,
Forest fire,
Forest resources conservation,
Forest health monitoring and assessment,
Wood Science and Technology,
Wood Science and Technology.