不同农业实践和农药水平下玉米种植系统的土壤温室气体通量

IF 3.5 Q3 ENGINEERING, ENVIRONMENTAL
Eri Saikawa, Alexander Elkov Avramov, Nicholas Basinger, Jerzi Hood, Nandita Gaur, Aaron Thompson, Angela Moore, Douglas Wolf, Yaoxing Wu
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引用次数: 0

摘要

农药是具有生物活性的化合物,施用农药可能会改变土壤微生物群落,从而可能影响温室气体(GHG)的排放。然而,人们很少在田间规模上对农业生产的这一方面进行研究。为了填补这一知识空白,我们进行了一项为期两年的田间研究,在裸土(常规)和使用黑麦作为覆盖作物的两种农业生产方式中,玉米在三种农药施用水平(无、中、高)下生长。在不施用农药的地块中,每周通过人工清除杂草。我们量化了佐治亚州铁马农场的温室气体排放量、土壤可变碳(C)、氮(N)的变化以及其他典型的生长参数。玉米谷物产量在估计的现场产量潜力的 93% 范围内,2021 年的产量明显高于 2022 年。采用线性混合模型,将 2021 年和 2022 年的土壤养分、土壤温度、土壤湿度、农业实践和农药水平数据作为固定效应,将日期和地块作为随机效应,结果表明,土壤表面二氧化碳 (CO2) 通量与土壤温度和土壤湿度有显著的统计学关联。土壤一氧化二氮排放量只与土壤湿度有关。在所有农业实践中,土壤一般都是甲烷的吸收汇,土壤甲烷通量也只与土壤湿度有关。三个土壤碳氮比较高的地块明显含有生物炭,在生长季节产生了几次较高的甲烷通量。所有地块的土壤都是温室气体的净来源,不同地块的土壤固碳量没有显著差异。我们的研究表明,在两年的实验中,我们分析的变量--产量、单个/净温室气体排放量或固碳量--都没有受到农药施用量的影响。不过,这种情况在长期实验中可能会发生变化。进一步的研究对于了解高 C/N 比玉米田高 CH4 量的内在机理至关重要,因为生物炭的积极影响可能与对气候的巨大负面影响同时存在,这取决于具体条件。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
Soil Greenhouse Gas Fluxes in Corn Systems with Varying Agricultural Practices and Pesticide Levels
Pesticides are biologically active compounds and their application may alter soil microbial communities and thus could possibly impact greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. However, this aspect of agricultural production is rarely studied at the field scale. To address this knowledge gap, we conducted a 2-year field study growing maize (corn) under three pesticide application levels (no, medium, and high) in two agricultural practices: bare soil (conventional) and using cereal rye as a cover crop. In plots with no pesticide inputs, weeds were managed through hand removal weekly. We quantified GHG emissions, changes in soil labile carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and other typical growth parameters in the Iron Horse Farm, Georgia. Corn grain yields were within 93% of the estimated site yield potential, with yield significantly higher in 2021 than in 2022. Using a linear mixed model, including the data in both 2021 and 2022 for soil nutrients, soil temperature, soil moisture, agricultural practice, and pesticide levels as fixed effects and date and plot as random effects, soil surface carbon dioxide (CO2) fluxes were statistically significantly associated with soil temperature and soil moisture. Soil N2O emissions were only associated with soil moisture. Soils in general served as a sink for CH4 in all the agricultural practices and soil CH4 fluxes were also only associated with soil moisture. Three plots with high soil C/N ratio with a visible presence of biochar resulted in several high CH4 flux events during the growing season. Soils from all plots were net sources of GHG and there were no significant differences in the amount of soil C sequestered between the plots. Our study shows that none of the variables we analyzed - yield, individual/net GHG emissions or the amount of C sequestered - in the two years of our experiment were impacted by the magnitude of pesticide application. However, this may change in a long-term experiment. Further research is essential to understand the underlying mechanism for high CH4 pulses in corn fields with high C/N ratio, as positive impacts of biochar might coincide with large negative consequences on climate, depending on conditions.
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