Uncovering the Key Features of Aluminum Flows and Stocks in Pakistan During 2005–2020

Aluminum has unique physical and chemical properties, such as light weight, corrosion resistance, and recyclability. Therefore, it has been widely used in various industrial sectors. This study employs a material flow analysis (MFA) method to comprehensively examine aluminum metabolism in Pakistan along its entire life cycle. By investigating aluminum flows and stocks from 2005 to 2020, this study provides insightful information for improving the overall aluminum resource efficiency. Our results show that Pakistan significantly relies on importing bauxite production to support its domestic needs, with an average annual amount of 218 kilotons (kt). Such imports peaked at 222 kt in 2016, but fell to below 75 kt in both 2019 and 2020. The overall import dependence rate reached 85.93%, indicating Pakistan’s heavy reliance on importing aluminum resource. Unfortunately, Pakistan’s aluminum recycling rate is only 30%, highlighting its inefficient recycling efforts. To address these challenges, this study proposes several suggestions, including the development of advanced recycling facilities, the introduction of incentives to boost recycling efforts, and the preparation of circular economy policies. These initiatives are crucial for improving the overall aluminum resource efficiency, reducing the associated environmental impacts, and advancing Pakistan's sustainability goals.