Microorganisms usage in enhanced oil recovery: Mechanisms, applications, benefits, and limitations

In today's world, where the oil and gas industry faces challenges such as declining production and the increasing need for efficient resource utilization, microbial enhanced oil recovery (MEOR) is introduced as a biological solution. This method, based on mechanisms like surfactant production, reduction of oil viscosity, and improvement of reservoir chemical properties, can increase oil recovery by 15%–20%, reduce operational costs by up to 30%, and is highly environmentally friendly. This study reviews various MEOR methods, including stimulating existing microbial activity in reservoirs or injecting microbes and nutrients. It presents successful examples of this technology in different oil fields, showing how MEOR can be a sustainable alternative to traditional methods. However, challenges such as the need for further research, control of biological processes, and advanced technology usage are also emphasized.