Nanotechnology in Agriculture: Enhancing Crop Productivity with Sustainable Nano-Fertilizers and Nano-Biofertilizers

With the global population increasing and food security becoming an ever more critical issue, the need for enhanced agricultural practices to boost crop productivity while ensuring sustainability is unmistakable. While chemical fertilizers have played a vital role in modern agriculture, their excessive use has resulted in environmental pollution and economic challenges. As an alternative, biofertilizers have emerged, albeit with certain limitations. The advent of nanotechnology offers an environmentally friendly and precise solution, introducing the era of nano-fertilizers and nano-biofertilizers. These nanoparticles exhibit the potential to improve soil fertility and crop yields while minimizing adverse environmental effects. In the realm of nanotechnology, precision agriculture aims to optimize chemical usage by mimicking natural processes. This article explores the latest advancements in nanotechnology, specifically focusing on the development of nano-fertilizers and nano-biofertilizers, underscoring their pivotal role in sustainable agriculture. Through a risk–benefit analysis compared to conventional methods, this review contributes to the ongoing discussion on achieving long-term stewardship of natural and human resources, ultimately benefiting both agriculture and the environment. Additionally, it identifies various gaps and challenges, proposing potential solutions for modern agriculture.