Solar-driven carbon dioxide reduction: a review of recent developments and future prospects

This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the rapidly evolving field of solar-driven carbon dioxide (CO₂) conversion, focusing on recent developments and future prospects. While significant progress has been made in understanding the fundamental mechanisms of photocatalytic (PC), photoelectrocatalytic, photobiocatalytic, and photothermal CO₂ reduction, the efficient and scalable utilization of these technologies remains a challenge. The analysis critically examines the latest advancements in materials and catalysts, including light-harvesting centers, charge transfer interfaces, and catalytically active sites, highlighting their critical role in optimizing efficiency and selectivity. This study examines the recent progress made in PC, photoelectrochemical, and photovoltaic-electrochemical devices, identifying key challenges and opportunities for future research. By highlighting the gap between current research and practical applications, this review aims to provide valuable insights for the development of sustainable and cost-effective technologies for CO₂ conversion, contributing to a cleaner and more sustainable energy future.