High resolution stable isotope ratios in modern African land snails: Testing inferred environmental conditions

High-resolution sub-annual stable oxygen isotope data were measured in modern land snail shells collected from different climatic zones in Africa to search for patterns in seasonal δ¹⁸O cycles associated with specific hydroclimates, keyed to flora/biozones. Thirty-three recently dead shells were collected between 1995 and 2012, and collection localities were divided into five climate types: tropical forest, woodland savannah, bushland savannah, woodland monsoon, and arid/semi-arid. Thirteen genera are represented in the collection. Sampling covered at least one year in the life of the land snails, often multiple years. A comparison of measured data to predicted δ¹⁸O values, using local temperature and rain δ¹⁸O value, shows that predictions tend to be lower than measured values, suggesting that surface waters or snail body waters have undergone some evaporation. Predictions based on night-time temperatures (average monthly minimum T) are closer to, but still underestimate, measured values compared to day-time (maximum) temperatures in a majority of cases. The largest range in δ¹⁸O values for individual shells occurs in the bushland savannah and woodland monsoon biomes. Longer seasonal intervals of dry conditions lead to greater δ¹⁸O ranges in shells, although if the dry interval approaches 10 months in the year the amplitude is again reduced. This is in agreement with other oxygen isotope studies of high-resolution land snail shell samples, which show very high δ¹⁸O variance in strong monsoon climates.