Distinct mechanisms controlling and influencing the supply of clay-sized sediments to the northern shelf of the Sea of Okhotsk since the Last Glacial Maximum

The Sea of Okhotsk is a transitional zone between East Asia and northwestern Pacific Ocean. As a result, its massive thick sediments contain numerous important records of geological past, such as the mechanisms of materials and energy exchanges. However, the scarcity of studies tracing the provenance of clay-sized sediments in the sea has limited the progress of reconstructing the paleoclimate of East Asia. In this study, clay mineral analysis was conducted on 31 surface stations and the LV87–54-1 core. These results were combined with grain-size to provide reliable evidence for distinct mechanisms controlling the influx of clay-sized sediments into the northern shelf of the Sea of Okhotsk since 23 ka. Results of provenance analyses suggested that clay-sized sediments in the northern shelf mainly originated from its northwestern shelf, the Okhotsk–Chukotka volcanic belt, and the Kamchatka Peninsula. Clay-sized sediments of the northern shelf was primarily transported from the northwestern shelf and the Okhotsk–Chukotka volcanic belt after 23 ka, while those analogues from the Kamchatka Peninsula increased after 11.7 ka. Based on variations in clay mineral ratios, sediments from the northwestern shelf were mainly transported by the North Okhotsk Countercurrent, wherein rapid millennial-scale variations were influenced by the high-latitude Arctic Oscillation (from the Last Glacial Maximum to the Last Deglaciation) and the low-latitude East Asian summer monsoon (including the Holocene), respectively. By contrast, the influx of clay-sized sediments from the western Kamchatka Peninsula might be mainly controlled by the intensity of the West Kamchatka Current. From the Last Glacial Maximum to the Last Deglaciation, north and northwest geostrophic winds dominated in winter, and the West Kamchatka Current shifted eastward. Since the Holocene, weakened north and northwest geostrophic winds, but strengthened east winds caused a series of rapid millennial-scale variations in the West Kamchatka Current.