Comparative analysis of mental health impairment among COVID-19 confirmed cases across the pandemic period in South Korea

Objectives

South Korea operates a complete enumeration surveillance of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Online mental health survey links were distributed to all COVID-19 confirmed patients within three days of confirmation of infection. This study evaluates the trend of depressive symptoms, anxiety symptoms, post-traumatic stress symptoms, somatic symptoms, and suicidal ideation of COVID-19 confirmed cases across the pandemic from January 2020 to July 2022.

Methods

A total of 99,055 responses were analyzed. Validated questionnaires were used to assess depressive symptoms (Patient Health Questionnaire-9), anxiety symptoms (Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7), post-traumatic stress symptoms (Primary Care Post Traumatic Stress Disorder screen), somatic symptoms (Patient Health Questionnaire-15), and suicidal ideation (P4 suicidality screener). Log-binomial regression was used to estimate prevalence ratio across 11 quarters (Q) of the year (2020Q1 to 2022Q3). Stratified analysis was conducted by sex to compare risk between males and females when adjusted prevalence was high.

Results

Compared to 2022Q1 (January-March), all symptoms had their highest prevalence ratio during 2020Q1 to 2020Q3 (January-September). The difference in adjusted symptom prevalence between males and females was nonsignificant during high-risk periods.

Conclusions

Adverse mental health symptoms were most prevalent during the early pandemic, with a nonsignificant difference in prevalence observed between males and females. Greater attention should be given to individuals who experienced COVID-19 infection during the early stages of the pandemic.