Identifying the genesis of hydrothermal activities in the Xiangcheng fault belt, southwestern China: Evidence from hydrochemistry and stable isotopes

Regional faults are beneficial structures for the formation of hydrothermal activities and have thus become target areas for geothermal resource utilization. Numerous hydrothermal activities have been reported along the Xiangcheng fault belt, particularly concentrating in the Batang, Xiangcheng and Shangri-La areas. In this study, hydrochemistry and stable isotopes were used to identify the genesis of hydrothermal activities in the Xiangcheng fault belt. The pH values of the geothermal water in these regions gradually decreases in this order, while the total dissolved solids gradually increase. The δD and δ¹⁸O values indicate the geothermal waters are mainly originated from snowmelt water and meteoric water. The recharge elevation of geothermal waters in Batang, Xiangcheng, and Shangri-La was 4415–4904 m, 4585–5038 m, and 3673–3969 m, respectively. Most geothermal waters belong to the hydrochemical type HCO₃-Na, however some Batang geothermal water is of the SO₄·HCO₃-Na type, influenced by deep geothermal gas, and some Shangri-La geothermal water is of HCO₃-Ca·Na type, influenced by shallow cold water and dissolution of carbonate rocks. Correlations of major ions suggest that HCO₃-Na type geothermal waters are determined by the dissolution of paragonite, K-feldspar and albite as well as positive ion exchange. According to Na-K-Mg triangle diagram and mineral saturation indices, the geothermal waters do not reach full equilibrium and are mixed with shallow cold. Geothermometers, including cationic and SiO₂, and geochemical thermodynamic calculations indicate that the deep and shallow reservoir temperatures are 200–240 °C and 169–193 °C for the Batang area, 194–201 °C and 119–131 °C for the Xiangcheng area, and 156–178 °C and 100–109 °C for the Shangri-La area. Conceptual models of the genesis of hydrothermal activities in the Batang, Xiangcheng, and Shangri-La areas were constructed, respectively. CaCO₃ scaling is dominated in the study area. The hydrothermal activities of Batang and Xiangcheng areas with enriched deep materials and high reservoir temperatures are beneficial for rare-alkali metal (e.g., Li). The findings of this study provide a scientific basis for the development and utilization of geothermal resources in the high-temperature hydrothermal activity areas of western Sichuan.