Imaging Spectroscopy-Based Estimation of Aboveground Biomass in Louisiana's Coastal Wetlands: Toward Consistent Spectroscopic Retrievals Across Atmospheric States

Developing accurate landscape-scale aboveground biomass (AGB) maps is critical to understanding coastal deltaic wetland resilience, as AGB influences stability and elevation dynamics in herbaceous wetlands. Here we used AVIRIS-NG imaging spectrometer (or “hyperspectral”) data from NASA's 2021 Delta-X mission in coastal Louisiana to map seasonal changes in herbaceous AGB across two deltaic basins with contrasting sediment delivery and hydrologic regimes: the Atchafalaya (active) and Terrebonne (inactive). We assessed the impact of atmospheric effects on our retrievals, as high water vapor content in August 2021 caused significant noise in the 880–1,000 and 1,080–1,200 nm near-infrared (NIR) wavelengths. We hypothesized that correcting these wavelengths with our conditional Gaussian interpolation algorithm would improve AGB estimates due to their association with plant canopy water content. We empirically assessed the performance of the corrected spectra on AGB estimates using Partial Least Squares Regression (PLSR), finding that the corrected NIR bands attained high variable importance and reduced estimation errors. Our Random Forest regression approach based on the corrected spectra attained equivalent error metrics via leave-one-out-cross-validation as the PLSR models (R² = 0.43, mean absolute error = 257.3 g/m²) while greatly improving the AGB maps' visual quality, having better captured variability while reducing noise and discontinuities in AGB estimates across flightlines. The maps show differing seasonal growth, with the Atchafalaya and Terrebonne Basins' AGB increasing from means of 4.3–9.4 and 4.6–8.9 Mg/ha, respectively. We demonstrated that imaging spectroscopy can be applied to assess herbaceous biomass stocks, growth patterns, and resilience in coastal ecosystems.