真正的模块化和开放式系统设计非常困难

David Hetherington
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摘要

在美国,主要的国防采购项目必须按照美国法律的要求实施模块化开放系统方法(MOSA)。(国防标准化计划,2016 年)。国防领域的一些人将 MOSA 作为一项检查清单合规活动。然而,设计真正模块化的、在经济上和操作上具有竞争力的系统平台极具挑战性。许多此类模块化系统平台未能达到早期对便利性、成本和社区接受度的预期。开放标准也具有挑战性。如果有一个非常成功、稳定、文档齐全、合适的接口开放标准,那么利用这种标准就会相当简单。然而,通常情况下并没有明显或适当的开放标准,系统平台所有者必须组织一个社区来制定这样的标准。这三个案例既包括商业应用,也包括国防应用;既包括硬件,也包括软件。重点关注硬件模块化的两个系统最终投入了生产,但并未完全实现项目的早期预期。软件系统采用了开箱即用的方法,并在经济效益、上市时间和利益相关者满意度方面取得了同类最佳的结果。本文将讨论似乎是所有此类工作共同面临的基本挑战,回顾三个案例的结果,并为提高此类计划的成功概率提供一些简单的指导原则。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
Truly Modular and Open System Design is Difficult

In the United States, major defense acquisition programs must implement a modular open systems approach (MOSA) as required by U.S. law. (Defense Standardization Program, 2016). Some in the defense community have focused on MOSA as a checklist compliance activity. However, designing economically and operationally competitive system platforms that are truly modular is extremely challenging. Many such modular system platform efforts fail to meet early expectations for convenience, cost, and community uptake. Open standards are challenging as well. If a highly successful, stable, well-documented, appropriate open standard is available for an interface, then leveraging such a standard can be fairly straightforward. However, often there is no obvious or adequate open standard available and the system platform owners have to organize a community to bring such a standard into existence.

This paper will review three concrete examples of such MOSA efforts. The three cases cover both commercial and defense applications as well as covering both hardware and software. The two systems that focused on hardware modularity did eventually go into production but did not completely fulfill early expectations for their programs. The software system used an out-of-the-box approach and achieved a best-in-class result in terms of economic effectiveness, time to market, and stakeholder satisfaction. This paper will discuss underlying challenges that seem to be common to all such efforts, review the results of the three cases, and offer some simple guidelines for increasing the probability of success for such a program.

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