Sources and health risks of heavy metals in kindergarten dust: The role of particle size

Particle size effects significantly impact the concentration and toxicity of heavy metals (HMs) in dust. Nevertheless, the differences in concentrations, sources, and risks of HMs in dust with different particle sizes are unclear. Therefore, guided by the definition of atmospheric particulate matter, dust samples with particle sizes under 1000 μm (DT₁₀₀₀), 100 μm (DT₁₀₀), and 63 μm (DT₆₃) from Beijing kindergartens were collected. The concentrations of HMs (e.g., Cd, Pb, Zn, Ni, Cr, Ba, Cu, V, Mn, Co, and Ti) in dust samples with different particle sizes were measured. Besides, the differences in HM concentrations, contamination levels, sources, and source-oriented health risks in dust samples of different particle sizes were systematically explored. The results show that the concentrations of Mn, V, Zn, and Cd gradually increase with decreasing dust particle sizes, the concentrations of Ba and Pb show a decreasing trend, and the concentrations of Cr, Cu, Ni, and Co display an increasing and then decreasing trend. The degree of contamination of HMs in dust of different particle sizes varies, with Cd being the most dominant contaminant. Compared with DT₁₀₀₀ and DT₆₃, DT₁₀₀ is the most polluted. In addition, the sources of HMs in DT₁₀₀₀, DT₁₀₀, and DT₆₃ become more single with decreasing particle size, which may be mainly due to the particle-size effect inducing the redistribution of HMs in different sources. Notably, the potential health risk is higher in DT₁₀₀ than in DT₁₀₀₀ and DT₆₃. The highest contribution of industrial sources to the health risk is found in DT₁₀₀, which is mainly caused by highly toxic chromium (Cr). This work emphasizes the importance of considering particle size in risk assessment and pollution control, which can provide a theoretical basis for precise management of HMs pollution in dust.