Enhancing Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Epoxy Composites with Fish Scale-Derived Collagen Reinforcement

Epoxy polymer composites reinforced with fish scale-derived collagen (EFC) have garnered significant interest due to their potential for enhancing mechanical properties and environmental sustainability. In this study, we investigated the mechanical, thermal, and morphological characteristics of epoxy composites reinforced with varying concentrations of EFC (5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, and 25% wt). Tensile strength testing revealed an initial increase in Young’s modulus with 5% and 10% EFC concentrations, followed by a decrease at higher concentrations, attributed to agglomeration effects. Flexural strength (FS) exhibited a decreasing trend with increasing EFC content, while flexural modulus (FM) showed improvement up to 20% EFC loading. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis highlighted the distribution of collagen particles, with agglomeration observed at higher concentrations. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) spectroscopy indicated alterations in hydrogen bonding with the addition of EFC. Thermal analysis revealed a reduction at onset degradation temperature with EFC incorporation, attributed to poor dispersion and agglomeration effects, alongside a slight enhancement in thermal stability at higher concentrations. The study supports the sustainable use of EFC as a filler, by offering a renewable and eco-friendly alternative to reinforcing polymer composites.