Advancing EEG-based brain-computer interface technology via PEDOT:PSS electrodes

Brain-computer interface (BCI) technology enables innovative communication between the brain and machines, extending its impact beyond healthcare to various daily activities. Electrodes play a pivotal role in electroencephalogram (EEG)-based BCIs, serving as the crucial link between brain electrical activity and technology for signal acquisition and transmission. The conducting polymer poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonic acid) (PEDOT:PSS) has emerged as an optimal material for electrode modification due to its exceptional electron-ion conductivity and biocompatibility. However, ensuring high-quality and stable signal transmission in BCIs requires multifaceted efforts. This review comprehensively explores BCI construction techniques and applications, covering performance metrics, established electrode types, operational principles, and recent advancements in PEDOT:PSS-based electrodes. System design aspects, including connection methods, circuit design, and algorithms, are detailed, along with explanations of prevalent EEG-based BCI tests—P300, motor imagery, and steady-state visual evoked potential. The conclusion outlines specific BCI applications and briefly addresses the prospects and challenges of this emerging technology.