Graphitic carbon nitride-based electrochemical sensors: A comprehensive review of their synthesis, characterization, and applications

Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C₃N₄) has garnered much attention as a promising 2D material in the realm of electrochemical sensors. It contains a polymeric matrix that can serve as an economical and non-toxic electrode material for the detection of a diverse range of analytes. However, its performance is impeded by a relatively limited active surface area and inherent instability. Although electrochemistry involving metal-doped g-C₃N₄ nanomaterials is rapidly progressing, it remains relatively unexplored. The metal doping of g-C₃N₄ augments the electrochemically active surface area of the resulting electrode, which has the potential to significantly enhance electrode kinetics and bolster catalytic activity. Consequentially, the main objective of this review is to provide insight into the intricacies of synthesizing and characterizing metal-doped g-C₃N₄. Furthermore, we comprehensively delve into the fundamental attributes of electrochemical sensors based on metal-doped g-C₃N₄, with a specific focus on healthcare and environmental applications. These applications encompass a meticulous exploration of detecting biomolecules, drug molecules, and organic pollutants.