CO2 to fuel: Role of polymer electrolytes on efficiency and selectivity

Global primary energy consumption, which heavily depends on fossil fuels, is on track for depletion, with projections suggesting exhaustion by 2100. This trajectory is further compounded by the persistent rise in atmospheric CO₂ levels, currently at 420 ppm, which significantly contributes to climate change and its detrimental environmental consequences. To address this urgent challenge, various strategies have been proposed, including CO₂ capture and storage, as well as its conversion into usable fuels. Leveraging the abundance of CO₂ as a carbon source, coupled with sustainable energy resources such as solar, wind, and thermal energy, holds promise for generating value-added goods while mitigating environmental harm. This review focuses on the electrochemical reduction of CO₂, presenting a dual-pronged approach aimed at decreasing atmospheric CO₂ levels. The imperative to simultaneously combat declining atmospheric CO₂ concentrations and advance cleaner, sustainable energy sources underscores the urgency of this endeavor. Specifically, we highlight the pivotal role of diverse polymer electrolytes, encompassing cation, anion, and bipolar membranes, in facilitating electrochemical CO₂ reduction. Exploring the impact of functional groups within these membranes on CO₂ reduction reaction provides insights into potential advancements in synthesis of eco-friendly fuel from conversion of CO₂.