Crustal-scale architecture and origin of the Haiyuan Arcuate Tectonic Belt, NE Tibet

The Haiyuan Arcuate Tectonic Belt (HATB) in the northeastern Tibetan Plateau features the interactions of three intersecting blocks: the eastern Qilian Shan, the Alxa Block, and the Ordos Block. While the HATB has displayed active responses to the ongoing collision between the Indian and Eurasian plates, the exact process behind the formation of this arcuate belt remains unclear. In pursuit of further insights into this topic and a deeper comprehension of the tectonic responses in NE Tibet, we conducted receiver function calculations using teleseismic waveforms recorded by two seismic short-period dense arrays spanning the western and eastern HATB, respectively, extending into the Alxa and Ordos Blocks. The CCP results in the HATB show major structural features that are different from those of adjacent blocks, mainly characterized by structural discontinuities in the crust due to severe deformation, including bending and uplifting in the lower crust. Together with previous geological studies, the bending interfaces in the lower crust of the HATB illuminate the existence of a crustal-scale tectonic accretionary wedge within the HATB, which originated in the Early Paleozoic. Furthermore, a decoupled deformation is seen within the HATB, with the lower crust undergoing shortening and the upper crust experiencing sequential stepwise thrusting towards the north. These scenarios, coupled with the resistance from the rigid Alxa and Ordos Blocks, lead to the conclusion that the arcuate shape of this belt is influenced by the weak crust of the HATB, which primarily orients the northeast, where the weak lithosphere of the Helan tectonic belt is situated between the Alxa and Ordos Blocks. Meanwhile, the progression of a series of thrusting faults in the upper crust within the HATB extends outward, involving adjacent blocks in plateau's growth.