Core-shell V2O5- Gum ghatti grafted poly (acrylamide-co-methacrylic acid) adsorbent for the removal of methylene blue dye in water: Kinetic, equilibrium and thermodynamic studies

Herein, vanadium pentoxide (V₂O₅) encapsulated Gum ghatti grafted poly(acrylamide-co- methacrylic acid) adsorbent was synthesized to remove methylene blue dye from water. The materials were characterized by FTIR, TEM, SEM, Raman and XRD analysis. Batch adsorption studies were performed on the materials. Several variables' effects on methylene blue removal, including pH, contact time, initial dye concentration, and adsorbent dosage, were examined. Kinetics and thermodynamic analysis were also carried out for the adsorbent-adsorbate interaction to determine the maximum adsorption and mechanism for adsorption. By using UV-Vis spectrophotometric analysis, the dye concentration was evaluated both before and after adsorption. Langmuir, Freundlich, and Dubini-Radushkevic's isotherm models were used to analyze the adsorption data. Results showed a maximum adsorption efficiency of 92 % at a pH of 9 and 0.2 g as the maximum adsorbent dosage. The study followed the Langmuir isotherm model with a correlation coefficient (R²) of 0.9995. The results from the kinetic studies show a pseudo-second-order mechanism. The negative values of the Gibbs free energy change ΔG° ranging from −10.57 KJmol⁻¹ to −9.64 Kmol⁻¹ within the temperatures of 298 K to 313 K is an indication of a spontaneous process. A negative enthalpy change (ΔH° = −29.05 KJmol⁻¹) shows an exothermic process and a negative entropy change (ΔS° = −0.06 KJmol⁻¹) represents a highly ordered system. ANOVA in Microsoft Excel and other statistical analyses were used to evaluate the effects of time, pH, concentration, dose, temperature, and other factors on the effectiveness of dye adsorption. Importantly, every parameter that was investigated showed statistically significant impacts on the removal of dye (p < 0.05), revealing their important impact on the adsorption process.