Enhancing lithium-ion battery monitoring: A critical review of diverse sensing approaches

Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) play a pivotal role in promoting transportation electrification and clean energy storage. The safe and efficient operation is the biggest challenge for LIBs. Smart batteries and intelligent management systems are one of the effective solutions to address this issue. Multiparameter monitoring is regarded as a promising tool to achieve the goal. This paper provides an overview of the state of the art in multiparameter monitoring approaches for LIBs. Further, the sensing principle, experimental configuration, and sensor performance are elaborated and discussed. The results show that internal parameter monitoring of cells is more attractive and challenging than external parameter monitoring. Temperature, deformation, and gas are the most concerned parameters inside batteries. Finally, the outlooks and challenges for the implementation and application of LIB multiparameter monitoring are investigated from two aspects: internal parameters monitoring and application of the monitored multivariate data. Compact, precise, and stable sensors compatible with the internal environment of batteries as well as efficient and intelligent algorithms for battery management are still awaiting breakthroughs.