Nonpharmacological treatment for older adults with mild cognitive impairment: Considerations for culturally informed clinical practice and research.

Objective: Numerous nonpharmacological treatments (NPTs) have been developed for older adults with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Two forms of cognition-focused NPTs, cognitive rehabilitation (CR) and cognitive training (CT), demonstrate cognitive benefit, but limitations remain regarding the contribution of cultural and demographic factors to study outcome heterogeneity, generalizability to diverse populations, and feasibility. This article aimed to review demographic and culturally informed NPTs and provides recommendations for culturally informed clinical practice and research.

Method: We conducted a PubMed review to identify CR and CT interventions that incorporated cultural adaptations. Results from the review, combined with the authors' clinical expertise, were used to identify methodological, demographic, social, cultural, and systemic variables relevant to NPTs.

Results: Existing CR and CT studies that included cultural adaptations adopted modifications to language, measures (cognition, function), and lifestyle factors (diet, physical activity) among others. In addition, provider, patient, and group-level factors were then raised to promote inclusivity and increase NPT generalizability. Nevertheless, there is a paucity of research considering cultural and demographic factors when delivering cognition-focused NPTs. Recommendations were generated that incorporated current literature as well as the authors' clinical and research experiences.

Conclusions: Culturally informed NPTs are understudied. Social, demographic, and cultural factors may contribute to the heterogeneity of outcomes, lack of generalizability of findings to diverse groups, and application of intervention to said groups. Several tools are available and can focus on broadening collection of information regarding patients' identities, social network, adapting to literacy level and linguistic diversity needs, and responding to social and structural determinants of health. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).