Targeted polymeric primaquine nanoparticles: optimization, evaluation, and in-vivo liver uptake for improved malaria treatment.

Primaquine (PQ) is a widely used antimalarial drug, but its high dosage requirements can lead to significant tissue damage and adverse gastrointestinal and hematological effects. Recent studies have shown that nanoformulations can enhance the bioavailability of pharmaceuticals, thereby increasing efficacy, reducing dosing frequency, and minimizing toxicity. In this study, PQ-loaded PLGA nanoparticles (PQ-NPs) were prepared using a modified double emulsion solvent evaporation technique (w/o/w). The PQ-NPs exhibited a mean particle size of 228 ± 2.6 nm, a zeta potential of +27.4 mV, and an encapsulation efficiency of 81.3 ± 3.5%. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) confirmed their spherical morphology, and the in vitro release profile demonstrated continuous drug release over 72 h. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) thermograms indicated that the drug was present in the nanoparticles, with improved physical stability. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis showed no interactions between the various substances in the NPs. In vivo studies in Swiss albino mice infected with Plasmodium berghei revealed that the nanoformulated PQ was 20% more effective than the standard oral dose. Biodistribution studies indicated that 80% of the NPs accumulated in the liver, highlighting their potential for targeted drug delivery. This research demonstrates the successful development of a nanomedicine delivery system for antimalarial drugs, offering a promising strategy to enhance treatment efficacy while reducing adverse effects.