The impact of shade net use on total nitrogen removal by duckweed (Lemna perpusilla) at different levels of catfish farming effluent

Duckweed (Lemna perpusilla) has been shown to reduce nutrient levels in aquaculture effluent, particularly total nitrogen, which can be caused by a variety of organic contaminants in water. Duckweed biomass is an important source of bioenergy and phytoremediation in aquaculture. This aspect makes it a viable solution for sustainable integrated aquaculture, although appropriate duckweed biomass development is critical to its success and long-term survival. Duckweed growth, as an autotroph, is controlled by two factors: nutrition and sunlight. The aquaculture production cycle changes nutrient content in medium culture based on feed, fish age, and density, while weather influences solar radiation. The study aims to investigate duckweed growth response and phytoremediation capacity by analyzing changes in catfish farming waste-water quality grouped by fish age (L1: 2 months, L2: 3 months, and L3: 4 months) and shade net treatment at 25 % sunlight blocking (N25), 50 % (N50), and no shade net (N0). The experiment was carried out in triplicate in a semi-outdoor growth system placed in a greenhouse. It comprised of three series of duckweed culture containers filled with catfish farming wastewater, each with a working volume of 50 L. A total of 48 duckweed culture containers were floated inside a series of Recirculating Aquaculture System (RAS) tanks. Biomass harvesting and water quality monitoring were done every three days for a period of 18 days. N25 had the highest biomass weight, productivity, and average TN elimination efficiency, with values of 225.21 ± 140.04 g, 50.05 ± 10.06 g/(m².d), and 61.94 ± 8.01 %, respectively (P < 0.05). The N0 values were 190.80 ± 117.52 g, 42.40 ± 9.29 g/(m².d), and 55.61 ± 6.85 % (P < 0.05). The lowest values observed in N50 were 72.27 ± 55.70 g, 16.06 ± 4.90 g/(m².d), and 51.67 ± 4.10 % (P < 0.05). This study proved the optimal duckweed growth and TN removal effectiveness with N25 under varying light intensity, allowing for the long-term use of duckweed in waste management and integrated aquaculture.