Intestinal parasites from Hubei archaeological sites of early China (5th century BCE to 3rd century CE)

Parasite remains in archaeological contexts provide a chance to look at the life of past populations from various perspectives, including dietary behaviors, subsistence activities, constructions of latrines, waste management, and interactions with the surrounding environment. Hubei Province is situated in Central China, boasting a rich history marked by extensive human activity. Previous studies have illuminated the presence of intestinal parasites in mummies of the Warring States Period (5th century BCE to 3rd century BCE) and Han Dynasty (3rd century BCE to 3rd century CE) sites, e.g., Chinese liver flukes (Clonorchis sinensis). This research centers on the analysis of twenty soil samples obtained from the pelvic region of human skeletal remains in seven archaeological sites within Hubei dating from the Warring States Period (5th century BCE to 3rd century BCE) to the Han Dynasty (3rd century BCE to 3rd century CE). The investigation has identified the presence of Chinese liver flukes (Clonorchis sinensis) at the site Gaotai. Several factors may contribute to the parasitic infection among the ancient Hubei population, including a suitable living environment for parasites, consumption of raw or undercooked fish, use of night soil, the rudimentary construction of latrines situated close to pigpens and bodies of water, as well as inadequate feces management. This research, with previous studies, indicates a possible endemic area for Chinese liver fluke in ancient Hubei. Future studies are expected to be conducted on the epidemiology of intestinal parasitic infection among ancient Hubei populations.