New markers in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), a global healthcare and socioeconomic burden, is a multifaceted respiratory disorder that results in substantial decline in health status and life quality. Acute exacerbations of the disease contribute significantly to increased morbidity and mortality. Consequently, the identification of reliable and effective biomarkers for rapid diagnosis, prediction, and prognosis of exacerbations is imperative. In addition, biomarkers play a crucial role in monitoring responses to therapeutic interventions and exploring innovative treatment strategies. Although established markers such as CRP, fibrinogen and neutrophil count are routinely used, a universal marker is lacking. Fortunately, an increasing number of studies based on next generation analytics have explored potential biomarkers in COPD. Here we review those advances and the need for standardized validation studies in the appropriate clinical setting.