{"title":"SegmentGeometry:三维切片机中的面积秒矩测量工具","authors":"Jonathan M Huie, Adam P Summers, Sandy M Kawano","doi":"10.1093/iob/obac009","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Second moment of area is a measure of how well the cross-section of a beam will resist bending because of its shape. Many have used second moment of area to investigate the mechanical adaptations of biological structures from stingray jaws to animal limb bones. In this context it is important to acknowledge the assumptions of beam theory, in which second moment of area plays a key role, if reasonable results are desired. For example, to minimize shear the structure should be at least 10 times longer than it is wide and deflection should be minimal. Analyzing the internal geometry of biological structures has never been easier or more accessible given the wide, and growing availability of micro-CT scans. Here, we offer a guide on the care that needs to be taken when interpreting second moment of area, and present open-access, open-source software that can process hundreds if not thousands of structures in a short time frame. <i>SegmentGeometry</i>, an extension for the open-source imaging platform 3D Slicer, iterates slice-by-slice through 3D structures to calculate second moment of area and other cross-sectional properties. We analyzed 2 case studies to demonstrate the power of this tool and to highlight interpretations that can be gleaned from second moment of area. Second moment of area is just one part of the Euler-Bernoulli beam theory and considering the full equation would greatly increase the number and diversity of questions that can be answered.</p>","PeriodicalId":13666,"journal":{"name":"Integrative Organismal Biology","volume":"4 1","pages":"obac009"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2000,"publicationDate":"2022-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8919404/pdf/","citationCount":"0","resultStr":"{\"title\":\"SegmentGeometry: A Tool for Measuring Second Moment of Area in 3D Slicer.\",\"authors\":\"Jonathan M Huie, Adam P Summers, Sandy M Kawano\",\"doi\":\"10.1093/iob/obac009\",\"DOIUrl\":null,\"url\":null,\"abstract\":\"<p><p>Second moment of area is a measure of how well the cross-section of a beam will resist bending because of its shape. Many have used second moment of area to investigate the mechanical adaptations of biological structures from stingray jaws to animal limb bones. In this context it is important to acknowledge the assumptions of beam theory, in which second moment of area plays a key role, if reasonable results are desired. For example, to minimize shear the structure should be at least 10 times longer than it is wide and deflection should be minimal. Analyzing the internal geometry of biological structures has never been easier or more accessible given the wide, and growing availability of micro-CT scans. Here, we offer a guide on the care that needs to be taken when interpreting second moment of area, and present open-access, open-source software that can process hundreds if not thousands of structures in a short time frame. <i>SegmentGeometry</i>, an extension for the open-source imaging platform 3D Slicer, iterates slice-by-slice through 3D structures to calculate second moment of area and other cross-sectional properties. We analyzed 2 case studies to demonstrate the power of this tool and to highlight interpretations that can be gleaned from second moment of area. Second moment of area is just one part of the Euler-Bernoulli beam theory and considering the full equation would greatly increase the number and diversity of questions that can be answered.</p>\",\"PeriodicalId\":13666,\"journal\":{\"name\":\"Integrative Organismal Biology\",\"volume\":\"4 1\",\"pages\":\"obac009\"},\"PeriodicalIF\":2.2000,\"publicationDate\":\"2022-02-28\",\"publicationTypes\":\"Journal Article\",\"fieldsOfStudy\":null,\"isOpenAccess\":false,\"openAccessPdf\":\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8919404/pdf/\",\"citationCount\":\"0\",\"resultStr\":null,\"platform\":\"Semanticscholar\",\"paperid\":null,\"PeriodicalName\":\"Integrative Organismal Biology\",\"FirstCategoryId\":\"99\",\"ListUrlMain\":\"https://doi.org/10.1093/iob/obac009\",\"RegionNum\":4,\"RegionCategory\":\"生物学\",\"ArticlePicture\":[],\"TitleCN\":null,\"AbstractTextCN\":null,\"PMCID\":null,\"EPubDate\":\"2022/1/1 0:00:00\",\"PubModel\":\"eCollection\",\"JCR\":\"Q2\",\"JCRName\":\"BIOLOGY\",\"Score\":null,\"Total\":0}","platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Integrative Organismal Biology","FirstCategoryId":"99","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.1093/iob/obac009","RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"2022/1/1 0:00:00","PubModel":"eCollection","JCR":"Q2","JCRName":"BIOLOGY","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
摘要
面积秒矩是衡量横梁横截面因其形状而抗弯曲能力的指标。从黄貂鱼的下颌到动物的肢骨,许多人都利用第二面积矩来研究生物结构的机械适应性。在这种情况下,如果想要获得合理的结果,就必须承认梁理论的假设,其中第二面积力矩起着关键作用。例如,要尽量减少剪切力,结构的长度至少应是宽度的 10 倍,挠度应最小。随着显微 CT 扫描技术的广泛应用和日益普及,分析生物结构的内部几何形状变得前所未有的简单和方便。在此,我们就解释第二面积矩时需要注意的事项提供指导,并介绍可在短时间内处理成百上千个结构的开放存取、开源软件。SegmentGeometry 是开源成像平台 3D Slicer 的扩展功能,它能对三维结构进行逐片迭代,以计算第二面积矩和其他横截面属性。我们分析了两个案例研究,以展示该工具的强大功能,并强调从第二面积矩中可以获得的解释。面积第二矩只是欧拉-伯努利梁理论的一部分,考虑完整方程将大大增加可回答问题的数量和多样性。
SegmentGeometry: A Tool for Measuring Second Moment of Area in 3D Slicer.
Second moment of area is a measure of how well the cross-section of a beam will resist bending because of its shape. Many have used second moment of area to investigate the mechanical adaptations of biological structures from stingray jaws to animal limb bones. In this context it is important to acknowledge the assumptions of beam theory, in which second moment of area plays a key role, if reasonable results are desired. For example, to minimize shear the structure should be at least 10 times longer than it is wide and deflection should be minimal. Analyzing the internal geometry of biological structures has never been easier or more accessible given the wide, and growing availability of micro-CT scans. Here, we offer a guide on the care that needs to be taken when interpreting second moment of area, and present open-access, open-source software that can process hundreds if not thousands of structures in a short time frame. SegmentGeometry, an extension for the open-source imaging platform 3D Slicer, iterates slice-by-slice through 3D structures to calculate second moment of area and other cross-sectional properties. We analyzed 2 case studies to demonstrate the power of this tool and to highlight interpretations that can be gleaned from second moment of area. Second moment of area is just one part of the Euler-Bernoulli beam theory and considering the full equation would greatly increase the number and diversity of questions that can be answered.