Dryfilm-ATR-FTIR analysis of urinary profiles as a point-of-care tool to evaluate aerobic exercise†

The understanding of metabolic alterations triggered by intense exercise can provide a biological basis for the development of new training and recovery methods. One popular way to monitor these changes is the non-invasive analysis of the composition of urine. This work evaluates the use of attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) and multivariate analysis as a rapid and cost-effective way to investigate changes in urine composition after intense exercise. The urine FTIR spectra of 21 volunteers (14 going through aerobic exercise and 7 controls) were measured before and immediately, 2, 5, 11, and 24 h after running 10 km. Principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least squares analysis (PLS) regression were used to investigate the changes in the spectra as a function of the recovery time. PLS models obtained for the prediction of the time points in the exercise group were deemed significant (p < 0.05, rand t-test permutation testing in cross-validation), showing changes in the urine composition after the exercise, reaching a maximum after 11 hours as opposed to the control group which did not show any significant relationship with the recovery time. In a second step, spectra of the protean extract isolated from urines at significant timepoints (before, immediately after, and 11 hours after exercise) were measured. The PCA of the protein spectra showed clear differences in the spectra obtained at the separation between the recovery time points, especially after the end of the exercise, where the protein profile was significantly different from the other times. Results indicate that the technique was able to find differences in the urine after physical exertion and holds strong potential for an easy-to-use and simple screening metabolic evaluation of recovery methods.