Evaluation of the Dysfunctional Scapula.

Periscapular pain and dysfunction are relatively common complaints in the practice of upper extremity surgeons. However, evaluation of the dysfunctional scapula is intimidating for most. Physical examination of the periscapular muscles is very rich, and a systematic approach provides the opportunity to establish a diagnosis for most patients. Conditions underlying scapular dysfunction include trapezius palsy, serratus palsy, brachial plexus injuries, muscular dystrophy, snapping scapula, pectoralis minor syndrome, congenital undescended scapula, and functional scapular dyskinesis, among others. Patients should be examined with their torso uncovered and assessed from the front and back. Inspection, evaluation of motion, and strength testing may be followed by certain examination maneuvers specific for each condition. The scapular assistance test may help predict the outcome of treatment for certain conditions. Plain radiographs oftentimes need to be complemented with magnetic resonance of the chest to capture periscapular muscles as well as an electromyogram with nerve conduction studies. Computed tomography is particularly helpful for skeletal abnormalities. Ultrasound is used to assess certain peripheral nerve injuries and to guide diagnostic and therapeutic injections. A focused evaluation of the scapula followed by a more specific and directed approach for each condition suspected will allow upper extremity surgeons to approach the evaluation of the dysfunctional scapula with much more confidence.