An ecosystem of tactics: Bridging the radical and moderate flanks in a pipeline resistance movement

This paper explores the role of “bridge activists” in the Mountain Valley Pipeline resistance movement who acted to build mutual respect, solidarity and collective identity in a movement characterized by diverse tactics. Bridge activists operate in both moderate and radical flanks of a movement, bridging disparate movement factions. We argue these bridge activists enabled the development of an “ecosystem of tactics” within the movement. Contrary to a “diversity of tactics” approach, an ecosystem of tactics approach is grounded in mutual respect and the solidarity of a common goal (in this case, stopping the Mountain Valley Pipeline). Our findings suggest intentional bridge activism may empower current and future movements through encouraging participation, mediating conflict, developing collective identity and generating solidarity.