The role of helper lipids in optimising nanoparticle formulations of self-amplifying RNA

Lipid nanoparticle (LNP) formulation plays a vital role in RNA vaccine delivery. However, further optimisation of self-amplifying RNA (saRNA) vaccine formulation could help enhance seroconversion rates in humans and improve storage stability. Altering either the ionisable or helper lipid can alter the characteristics and performance of formulated saRNA through the interplay of the phospholipid's packing parameter and the geometrical shape within the LNP membrane. In this study, we compared the impact of three helper lipids (DSPC, DOPC, or DOPE) used with two different ionisable lipids (MC3 and C12–200) on stability, transfection efficiency and the inflammation and immunogenicity of saRNA. While helper lipid identity altered saRNA expression across four cell lines in vitro, this was not predictive of an ex vivo or in vivo response. The helper lipid used influenced LNP storage where DSPC provided the best stability profile over four weeks at 2–8 °C. Importantly, helper lipid impact on LNP storage stability was the best predictor of expression in human skin explants, where C12–200 in combination with DSPC provided the most durable expression. C12–200 LNPs also improved protein expression (firefly luciferase) and humoral responses to a SARS-CoV-2 spike saRNA vaccine compared to MC3 LNPs, where the effect of helper lipids was less apparent. Nevertheless, the performance of C12–200 in combination with DSPC appears optimal for saRNA when balancing preferred storage stability requirements against in vivo and ex vivo potency. These data suggest that helper lipid influences the stability and functionality of ionisable lipid nanoparticle-formulated saRNA.