Mixed Eucalyptus plantations enhance soil organic carbon accumulation and chemical stability through soil microbial community and multifunctionality

Forest conversion can impact soil organic carbon (SOC) fixation and ecosystem functions. The newly proposed “evenness of SOC chemical components” index can indicate the permanence of stored SOC during environmental disturbances. However, how the mixing of tree species impacts SOC accumulation and persistence and changes in soil microbial communities and multifunctionality remain unknown. Thus, we conducted a field experiment (11 years) of monospecific Eucalyptus urophylla × E. grandis plantation for evaluating the influences of the mixed planting of a non-nitrogen (N)-fixing tree, Castanopsis hystrix, and an N-fixing tree, Dalbergia odorifera, on SOC accumulation and chemical stability. Compared with pure plantations, mixed Eucalyptus plantations (particularly those mixed with D. odorifera) exhibited significantly increased SOC concentrations by 28.60–33.71 % and increased SOC chemical component evenness by 3.96–4.67 % (P < 0.05). We also found that the concentrations and chemical component evenness of SOC were strongly linked with litter quality, soil N, phosphorus and their availability, multifunctionality, microbial activity, carbon use efficiency (CUE), biomass, diversity, and network complexity. Furthermore, tree species mixing increased litter quality, soil nutrient availability, microbial biomass, activity, diversity, CUE, and network complexity. Soil microbial anabolism, community characteristics and multifunctionality influenced the SOC concentrations and SOC chemical components evenness. Specifically, microbial diversity enhanced the concentrations and chemical component evenness of SOC by increasing network complexity and soil multifunctionality. These findings revealed differential responses and mechanistic controls of SOC accumulation and chemical stability in different Eucalyptus planting patterns. Overall, mixed plantations, particularly those in which N-fixing species were introduced, effectively improved SOC accumulation and stabilization by positively altering soil quality and microbial properties, potentially representing a sustainable forestry management strategy to improve soil C benefits and multifunctionality in forest ecosystems.