Fire refugia patch dynamics differ between prescribed fires and wildfires in longleaf pine savanna

Increasing wildfire activity has spurred an increasing push for the application of prescribed fire to reduce wildfire risk while simultaneously acting as a surrogate for fire’s historical role as a fundamental ecosystem process. However, prescribed fires are often ignited using uniform ignitions to maintain operational control and there are concerns that they may not be able to replicate the landscape heterogeneity, particularly patterns in unburned patches, generated by historical fires. Fire refugia, unburned areas within fire perimeters, play an integral role in determining post-fire recovery and community structure. We assess patterns in fire refugia across 443 large (>200 ha) wildfire and prescribed fire perimeters using remotely sensed fire severity data in longleaf pine (Pinus palustris) savannas of the Florida Panhandle. Contrary to concerns, large prescribed fires had a significantly greater proportion of unburned area than wildfires, driven by larger refugia patch sizes. Drier conditions promoted smaller and more numerous fire refugia patches. Our study demonstrates differences in wildfires versus prescribed fire outcomes on landscape structure, with implications for future longleaf pine savanna management.