Enhancing the sensitivity and accuracy of wearable glucose biosensors: A systematic review on the prospects of mutarotase

Wearable glucose biosensors (WGBs) face significant challenges due to pH, temperature, and skin pollutants affecting glucose detection accuracy by disrupting D-glucose anomeric equilibrium. Although mutarotase (MUT) has historically addressed these challenges, recent research attention on MUT is limited. This systematic review evaluates the performance of biosensors utilizing MUT for enhanced glucose detection. Comprehensive searches across PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science identified 1,603 studies, of which 13 met PRISMA standards and were selected. Data were extracted and synthesized using pre-designed forms, with results presented through charts and tables. The reviewed studies did not provide clear data about the influence of MUT on the limit of detection (LOD). However, glucose biosensors incorporating MUT demonstrated sensitivity across a broad linear detection range, potentially eliminating the need for sample dilution in some instances. MUT also ensures a more accurate representation of total glucose levels in a sample, achieving complete glucose recovery (100 %) in 6 s in amperometric experiments and within 3-4 min in colorimetric, luminometric, polarimetric, and spectrophotometric studies. Despite stability concerns in 8 % of the studies, MUT proved effective across various pH (5.0–8.5) and temperature (20—37 ${}^{\circ }$C) ranges. These results highlight the potential of MUT in advancing glucose wearable biosensing technology.