变革的时机?调查挪威中南部农业经济和粮食的变化(公元11-16世纪)

IF 2.1 2区 地球科学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY
Veronica Aniceti, Marianne Vedeler, Anne Karin Hufthammer
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引用次数: 0

摘要

牛,其次是绵羊/山羊和猪,是挪威中世纪社会文化和经济活动的重要组成部分。对来自不同城市遗址的动物样本进行的动物考古学分析表明,挪威在中世纪,特别是在中世纪早期阶段的养牛方式发生了变化。中世纪奥斯陆的情况清楚地表明了这一点,在那里进行的一项深入的动物考古学研究首次对畜牧业战略进行了全面回顾。在中世纪的前几个世纪(公元 11 世纪至 12 世纪中期),养牛主要是为了产奶和产肉,而从公元 12 世纪中期至 13 世纪开始,年轻的牛越来越少,年长的牛越来越多,其中大部分可能是牛。对牛后颅骨的生物计量分析表明,随着时间的推移,牛群的性别组成发生了变化,从而支持了这一假设。因此,从大约公元 12-13 世纪中期开始,牛似乎更多地被用于耕作,只有在年老时才会被宰杀吃肉。这些证据反过来又表明,必须耕种更多的耕地,尤其是在挪威东部和中部。在这些地区,人口的增长和定居点的扩大可能会导致粮食需求的增加;同时,更有利的气候条件可能会增加可耕地的供应量。本文认为,中世纪挪威的农业并不像历史上所认为的那样一成不变,而是与中世纪欧洲其他地区更大规模的农业创新相联系。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。

Time for a change? Investigating shifts in agricultural economies and food in southern-central Norway (11th -16th c. AD)

Time for a change? Investigating shifts in agricultural economies and food in southern-central Norway (11th -16th c. AD)

Cattle and, to a lesser extent, sheep/goat and pigs, were crucial components of Norway’s socio-cultural and economic dynamics in the Middle Ages. Zooarchaeological analyses of faunal samples from different urban sites reveal that changes in cattle husbandry practices occurred in Norway over the medieval period, and especially in its early phases. This is clearly demonstrated in the case of medieval Oslo, where an in-depth zooarchaeological study provides the first comprehensive review of cattle husbandry strategies. In the first centuries of the medieval period (11th -mid 12th c. AD), cattle were mainly raised for milk and meat production, while fewer young and more numerous older individuals, most of which probably oxen, were present from mid 12th -13th c. AD onwards. This hypothesis is supported by biometrical analyses of cattle postcranial bones, indicating changes in the sexual composition of cattle herds over time. Therefore, from ca. mid 12th -13th c. AD onward, cattle seem to have been more used for ploughing and, only once old, to have been culled for their meat. In turn, this evidence suggests that more arable lands had to be ploughed, especially in eastern and central Norway. Here, demographic growth and settlement expansion would have led to an increase in food demand; at the same time, more favourable climatic conditions might have contributed to an increase in the availability of arable fields. This article suggests that medieval Norwegian farming was not static as historically thought, but rather connected to wider-scale agricultural innovations characterising other parts of medieval Europe.

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来源期刊
Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences
Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY-
CiteScore
4.80
自引率
18.20%
发文量
199
期刊介绍: Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences covers the full spectrum of natural scientific methods with an emphasis on the archaeological contexts and the questions being studied. It bridges the gap between archaeologists and natural scientists providing a forum to encourage the continued integration of scientific methodologies in archaeological research. Coverage in the journal includes: archaeology, geology/geophysical prospection, geoarchaeology, geochronology, palaeoanthropology, archaeozoology and archaeobotany, genetics and other biomolecules, material analysis and conservation science. The journal is endorsed by the German Society of Natural Scientific Archaeology and Archaeometry (GNAA), the Hellenic Society for Archaeometry (HSC), the Association of Italian Archaeometrists (AIAr) and the Society of Archaeological Sciences (SAS).
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