Assessments and application of low-cost sensors to study indoor air quality in layer facilities

Indoor poultry facilities often experience poor air quality due to intensive farming and restricted ventilation. Monitoring the air quality in these barns is crucial considering the health of both the birds and producers. Advancements in sensor technologies have led to the development of low-cost sensors (LCS) that can continuously monitor air pollutants. Even though most poultry facilities in Canada are indoors due to harsh winter weather conditions, there is a lack of indoor air quality (IAQ) studies. This study aimed to evaluate the field performance of the LCS network in a table egg farm in Canada, where the sensors were designed specifically for operating in dusty poultry facilities continuously. The LCS monitored IQA parameters such as particulate matter (PM), carbon dioxide (CO₂), relative humidity, and temperature in real-time. By implementing a correction factor, the sensor data resulted in an agreement range of 80 ± 20% with a reference instrument. The study observed that PM concentration exceeded several thousand $\mu$g/m³, with PM₁₀ at 5.5 × 10⁴ ± 2.2 × 10⁴ and PM_2.5 at 6.3 × 10³ ± 2.3 × 10³, which was found to be most affected by the chicken activity and light regime. The IAQ parameters also exhibited a complex intercorrelation with each other, as well as the outdoor temperature and the building ventilation rate. Sensors were able to make observations that were found only with research-grade instruments in previous studies. Overall, the study showcases the potential of the LCS network as an affordable solution for environmental monitoring in poultry facilities.