Fast FPT-Approximation of Branchwidth

SIAM Journal on Computing, Volume 53, Issue 4, Page 1085-1131, August 2024.
Abstract. Branchwidth determines how graphs and, more generally, arbitrary connectivity (symmetric and submodular) functions can be decomposed into a tree-like structure by specific cuts. We develop a general framework for designing fixed-parameter tractable 2-approximation algorithms for branchwidth of connectivity functions. The first ingredient of our framework is combinatorial. We prove a structural theorem establishing that either a sequence of particular refinement operations can decrease the width of a branch decomposition or the width of the decomposition is already within a factor of 2 from the optimum. The second ingredient is an efficient implementation of the refinement operations for branch decompositions that support efficient dynamic programming. We present two concrete applications of our general framework. The first is an algorithm that, for a given [math]-vertex graph [math] and integer [math], in time [math] either constructs a rank decomposition of [math] of width at most [math] or concludes that the rankwidth of [math] is more than [math]. It also yields a [math]-approximation algorithm for cliquewidth within the same time complexity, which in turn improves to [math] the running times of various algorithms on graphs of cliquewidth [math]. Breaking the “cubic barrier” for rankwidth and cliquewidth was an open problem in the area. The second application is an algorithm that, for a given [math]-vertex graph [math] and integer [math], in time [math] either constructs a branch decomposition of [math] of width at most [math] or concludes that the branchwidth of [math] is more than [math]. This improves over the 3-approximation that follows from the recent treewidth 2-approximation of Korhonen [FOCS 2021].