Influence of BaTiO3 substitution on structural and thermal response of lead borosilicate glass for ultrasonic applications

An extensive examination of the impact of BaTiO₃ doping on the mechanical and thermal characteristics of lead-borosilicate glasses is provided in this work. The glass density increases noticeably (from 6020 for BaTiO₃ to 2533 kg/m³ for SiO₂), and the molar volume decreases, suggesting a denser and more compact structural arrangement. The mechanical properties exhibited a notable improvement upon the addition of BaTiO₃. Specifically, the longitudinal ultrasonic velocity (V_L) increased from 3927 to 4458 m/s, and the shear velocity (V_S) increased from 2317 to 2630 m/s, indicating a reinforced glass network. The bulk modulus increased from 35.71 to 58.06 GPa, and Young’s modulus increased from 57.2 to 92.98 GPa. These significant increases in elastic moduli were attributed to tighter atom packing and higher levels of cross-linking within the glass matrix. Furthermore, the glass structure’s increased rigidity and connectedness were further indicated by the Debye temperature (θ_D), which increased from 296.8 to 347.3 K. The influence of BaTiO₃ on the thermal analysis is demonstrated, which revealed that increasing BaTiO₃ content raises both the glass transition and crystallization temperatures. The results of the experiment demonstrate how much BaTiO₃ doping can improve the physical characteristics of lead-borosilicate glasses, enabling them to be used in sophisticated optical and structural applications.