Assessing the strategic role of urban green spaces for habitat connectivity in multi-family residential plots

Urban green spaces are key for maintaining and restoring habitat connectivity within cities. Despite substantial investigations on the contribution to connectivity of different types of urban green spaces, the specific contribution of green spaces located in multifamily residential (MFR) plots has yet to be assessed. Estimating this contribution is crucial given the multiple roles fulfilled by these green spaces in urban planning. To achieve this goal, we focused on four taxa: the European hedgehog (Erinaceus europaeus), the Red squirrel (Sciurus vulgaris), forest passerine birds and moths. We assessed the potential habitat connectivity for each taxon across the metropolitan urban area of Lyon (France), with landscape graphs built using 1-metre resolution land cover maps. Considering the current state as a reference, we then designed five land cover change scenarios affecting habitat distribution in the MFR plots: (i) maximum and (ii) minimum theoretical connectivity (references), (iii) improve quality of existing green spaces, (iv) improve quantity of green spaces with sub-optimal quality and, (v) maximum restoration (management scenarios). The taxon- and scenario-specific impacts highlight the crucial contribution of private spaces to habitat connectivity. For all taxa, while the MFR only cover 8 % of the study area, connectivity would increase by up to 60 % if these plots were greened. In contrast, sealing these plots could reduce overall connectivity by up to 40 %. The interpolation of local connectivity metrics for each habitat patch and each MFR plot allowed us to identify the most relevant plots for urban greening. Because our approach can improve habitat connectivity at different scales, from neighbourhoods to entire urban areas, it could prove useful for landscape planning in most urban settings.