Flash-within-flash synthesis of gram-scale solid-state materials

Sustainable manufacturing that prioritizes energy efficiency, minimal water use, scalability and the ability to generate diverse materials is essential to advance inorganic materials production while maintaining environmental consciousness. However, current manufacturing practices are not yet equipped to fully meet these requirements. Here we describe a flash-within-flash Joule heating (FWF) technique—a non-equilibrium, ultrafast heat conduction method—to prepare ten transition metal dichalcogenides, three group XIV dichalcogenides and nine non-transition metal dichalcogenide materials, each in under 5 s while in ambient conditions. FWF achieves enormous advantages in facile gram scalability and in sustainable manufacturing criteria when compared with other synthesis methods. Also, FWF allows the production of phase-selective and single-crystalline bulk powders, a phenomenon rarely observed by any other synthesis method. Furthermore, FWF MoSe2 outperformed commercially available MoSe2 in tribology, showcasing the quality of FWF materials. The capability for atom substitution and doping further highlights the versatility of FWF as a general bulk inorganic materials synthesis protocol. The scalable, energy-efficient and environmentally friendly production of solid-state materials is crucial for next-generation material synthesis. Now an efficient and gram-scale synthesis of transition metal dichalcogenides, group XIV dichalcogenides and non-transition metal dichalcogenides has been achieved using the flash-within-flash heating technique, a non-equilibrium, ultrafast heat conduction method.